Q: Is the number of shares of a company that can be bought limited in any way? —H.D., Lake City, Florida
A: Yes, indeed. For starters, companies don't have unlimited shares. They issue a certain number when they go public via an "initial public offering" and they may issue more later via secondary offerings. (The more shares that exist, the smaller stake in the company each one represents.) A company might have only a portion of its value in shares trading publicly, too. If its founder, for example, holds, say, 51 percent or 65 percent of the company, then she still controls it.
You could buy all available shares of a company, but by doing so, your sudden demand for the shares would drive up the price. (That's why major investors don't want to publicize their trading, and why they try to buy gradually.) Of course, that's costly. Clorox, for example, has about 130 million shares outstanding, and you'd need more than $15 billion to buy them all.
Additionally, once anyone owns more than 5 percent of a voting class of shares, he must file a report alerting the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Minimum required
Q: Must I sell my IRA stocks when I turn 70 1/2? —T.S., Honolulu
A: You have to take "required minimum distributions" from traditional IRAs once you turn 70 1/2. They're generally taxable, and you may need to sell stocks or other holdings in the IRA to generate the cash to withdraw.
Roth IRAs have no minimums. And if the Roth IRA is at least five years old and you're older than 59 1/2, distributions are tax-free. Learn much more about IRAs at fool.com/retirement/index.aspx.
Stock Buybacks:good and bad
When companies buy back shares of stock, many investors are pleased. The shares are essentially retired, leaving fewer shares, each of which will now have a bigger claim on the company's earnings. (Imagine a pizza being cut into six slices instead of eight.)
Buybacks have been executed in droves in recent years. Companies spent $495 billion on them in 2016 and about $696 billion in 2015. In the recent third quarter, Apple and General Electric led the pack of repurchasers, respectively buying back $7.2 billion and $4.3 billion worth of their shares. It's a way to reward shareholders without making a taxable dividend payment.
Share repurchases are not always smart, though. Sometimes shares are bought back when they're overvalued, in which case management is wasting shareholder money and destroying value. The money could be better spent in other ways, such as reinvesting in the business or paying dividends.
The decrease in overall buybacks between 2015 and 2016 might reflect the ascent of the stock market in recent years, with many managements deciding to cut back on buybacks. Sensible buybacks happen when shares are undervalued. Superinvestor Warren Buffett, as an example, has said that he will snap up shares of his company Berkshire Hathaway only when they fall below a certain level.
Buybacks can also be used to make a company's earnings per share look like they're growing faster than they are. For example, imagine a company with annual earnings of $100 million in both 2015 and 2016. Let's say it has 100 million shares in 2015 and buys back 25 million in 2016, leaving it with 75 million shares. Its EPS for 2015 is $1, but for 2016 it's $1.33 ($100 million divided by 75 million.) It looks like earnings rose, but they didn't.
Keep stock buybacks in mind when you study companies as possible investments, and don't get overly excited by them. Overall, S&P 500 component companies buying back stock have outperformed the S&P 500 in recent years, but not every repurchaser is an outperformer.
Foolish Trivia
I trace my roots back to California in 1940, when a barbecue drive-through was founded by two New Hampshire brothers. In the 1950s, milkshake-machine salesman Ray Kroc was impressed with the place's limited menu and speedy service and became a franchising agent. He bought out the brothers in 1961 with $2.7 million and spread the concept around the country. Today, I'm a global giant in the quick-serve industry. I boast more than 36,000 restaurants worldwide, which employ close to 2 million people. More than 80 percent of my restaurants are franchised. I rake in about $25 billion annually. Who am I?
Last Week's Trivia
I trace my riveting history back to 1853, when my founder, a Bavarian immigrant, established a dry goods store in San Francisco during the Gold Rush days. In 1873, working with a customer with a good idea, I patented and made the world's first pair of denim jeans. Who am I? (Answer: Levi Strauss & Co.)
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